004 of an inch by
means of a gauge (Fig. 3).
The inventor has made numerous experiments with his apparatus, and
thinks it permits of determining the total force developed by powder
very perfectly.
* * * * *
SANDMANN'S VINEGAR APPARATUS.
For obtaining anhydrous or very concentrated vinegar directly from
pyrolignite of lime or other acetates by a single distillation, Mr. D.
Sandmann, of Charlottenburg, employs the apparatus shown in the
accompanying engraving. It consists of a double-bottomed copper or
enameled iron boiler, A, arranged for being heated by steam, and the
upper part of which is protected against the action of the acid vapors
disengaged during distillation by a lining of refractory clay. The stone
cover, B, is provided with an aperture, b, through which the boiler is
filled. The steam pipe, k, is inclosed in a second pipe, f, provided
with radii. This tube serves as a stirrer; and is set in motion by means
of a pulley, g. The tube, c, is connected with a worm, h, and the tube,
d, which is provided with a valve, leads to the second boiler, C. The
head, D, which acts, by reason of its internal arrangement, as a
dephlegmator, is of enameled iron, and is provided with a thermometer,
f, and an aperture, p. Above the spirals of the worm, e, are placed
strips of glass, the free intervals between which are filled in with
pieces of glass, porcelain, or any other material not attackable by
acids.
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